ANIMAL+OREINTATION

Describe and explain INNATE and LEARNED behaviour and distinguish between these.

Innate is the ability an individual has with birth without learning. for example, breathing is innate. Innate behaviour is based on instinct and is not affected by any of the inividual's experiences. learned is the ability an individual has after birth. Saying different language is learned even our first language is leaned. Sometimes, the distinction between innate and learned behaviours is not very clear.


 * e.g.** //In many bird species, the chicks learn to imprint on the first moving object they see when they hatch. Usually this would be their mother but they can be artifically made to imprint on something else. This imprinting is a form of learning however it is also a characteristic of instinct because the chick automatically imprints - it does not have to learn to.//

Movement in repsonse to stimuli can be a TAXES or KINESIS.

Examples of taxes and the adaptive values of particular taxes are:- Negative phototaxis = movement away from light eg earthworms Positive phototaxis =movement towards the light eg many swimming algae Positive chemotaxis = movement towards a chemical source eg mosquitoes toeards poeple algong CO2 gradient Positive rheotaxis = movement against a current eg salmon Negative geotaxis - movement away from gravity eg land snails after being disturbed Positive geotaxis = movement towards gravity eg pipi and other burrowing bivalves after being disturbed Positive thermotaxis = movement towards heat eg lice, fleas and mosquitoes moe towards body warmth
 * Taxes ** is a movement towards (positive) or away (negative) from the stimulus.

Taxes can be also divided up according to how the organism perceives the direction of the stimulus
 * Tropotaxis -** this involves simultaneous comparison between impulse frequency from receptors on the two sides of an animal. An example is the movement of terrestrial slugs away from light.
 * Klinotaxis** - whereas tropotaxis requires as least two distinct areas pf receptors, klinotaxis needs only one. The animal compares the strength of the stimulus over time rather than (as in tropotaxis) space

Examples of kineses are:-
 * Kineses **is a random movement in response to a stimuli
 * maggots (full grown larva of the blowfly), they move away from light. They can measure the intensity of the light with receptors in their head but not the direction causing it to move its head side to side and making random movements away from the light

[] shows you a choice chambe to show how slaters respond to stimuli as well as fruit fly mating behaviour

[] is a good question paper to do and it has some good infromation aswell

[|13animalorientation.ppt] __[]__ Part 1 __[]__ Part 2 __[]__ Migration is an active, regularly repeated movement in a particular direction by a poplation of animals Migration - excludes passive dispersal ( carried by the wind) - usually to a feeding and / or breeding area - usually a two-way trip - usually have regular timing - often over long distances - often at a definite life-cycle stage
 * Migration**
 * Monach Butterfly**

__Significance of Migration__ Migration is not without its risks. It costs the animal a large amount of energy to migrate and some of them die during migration or get blown off course or lost. Because it is such a dangerous journey, there must be distinct advantages otherwise they wouldn't do it. Most of the advantages are to do with the climate and/or temperature of the destination area, for example some species may prefer to breed in a warmer climate and then return to the cooler area to live for the rest of the time. Resources and availability of food can be related to the destination of migration, as well as the presence of predators.

Homing is an animal's ability to find it's way back to its nest or "home" after leaving, over unfamiliar territory. e.g.
 * Homing**
 * albatrosses spend their non-breeding time wantering the southern ocenas but every two years they return to their breeding grounds in New Zealand from wherever they were.
 * many frogs and toads will make their way back to the same pond where they hatched for breeding season
 * snails and slugs return to the same place each day for the daylight hours
 * limpets return the same spot on the rock each day before low tide
 * bees can navigate back to their hive over more than a kilometre

Youtube vid on the Homing of Delta Water Fowl

__[]__ Homing Pigeons []