Techniques

Techniques to be explained

To complete biotechnological techniques we need to extract the DNA from cells. See how here:- []

Ligases

DNA Chips []

The link above shows an animation(Flash) on DNA chips with an intro, conclusion and an extremely short quiz.

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Another link using Flash content explaining the processes for DNA microarrays.

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Another link. This time this is a virtual lab with a lot of explanation. Tissue Culture

Gel Electrophoresis Complete the on line virtual activity []

-Jing Yuan & Joevy (:

Restriction Endonucleases Also known as restriction enzymes this technique is an essential tool for genetic engineering. These enzymes have the amazing ability to cut DNA molecules at a very precise sequence of 4 to 8 base pairs. These precise cutting occurs not just at random place but at specific recognition sites. These enzymes were first discovered in 1970 and was discovered in many bacteria. This enzyme is used so that the genetic engineers can isolate, sequence and manipulate individual genes derived from any types of organism. There are two ways of cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and one is to cut DNA with sticky ends. The fragments of DNA with sticky ends are DNA which are cut in such a way is able to be joined to other exposed end fragments of DNA with matching sticky ends. Such joins are specific to their recognition sites. The other way of cutting up a DNA through the use of restriction enzmyes is to cut it with a blunt end.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Click here to play in the virtual lab []

DNA Sequencing