Vocabulary

Words to recall from last year:-

� Abiotic - non-living factors, relating to absence of life � Adaptation  - adjustment to changes in the environmental conditions � Biotic - living factors, relating to living organisms � Commensalism - the relationship between two organisms in which one benefits but the other is not harmed � Competition - situation in which the demand for a resource exceeds supply

� Exploitation  - living at the expense of another living organism � Habitat  - place where an organism lives � Herbivor - an organism which eats only grass and other plants � Interspecific competition  - competition between members of different species

�  Intraspecific competition-competition occurring within members of the same species e.g. competition for food amongst the pack of wolves � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Mutualism - an interspecific relationship which benefits both members <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">e.g.   � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Niche-  relational position of a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|species] or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|population] in its <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|ecosystem] to each other � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Parasitoid - an organism that spends a significant portion of its <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|life history] attached to or within a single <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|host] [|organism] in a relationship that is in essence parasitic; unlike a true parasite, however, it ultimately sterilises or kills, and sometimes consumes, the host. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Parasitism (Ecto/Endo) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">-ecto - Parasites that live on the surface of the host -endo - parasites that live inside the host � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Pathogen- microorganisms that causes disease � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Predation- <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|biological interaction] where a **predator** (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its **prey** (the organism that is attacked) � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Stratification-a division of the ecosystem into vertical bands <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">e.g. on the rocky shore � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Succession- the series of changes in an ecological community that occur over time after a disturbance � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Tolerance - the act or capacity of enduring, endurance � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Zonation-a division of the ecosystem into horizontal bands <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">﻿e.g. the mountains Core Language for the topic

� <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Actogram - a type of graph or chart commonly used in circadian research to plot activity against time � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Aggressive - forceful, assertive, vigorous, tending toward unproved offensives � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Agonistic - any social behavior related to fighting � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Alpha/Beta � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Antagonist - a chemical that acts within the body to reduce the physiological activity of another chemical substance � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Auxin- <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|plant growth substances] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|morphogens] (often called <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|phytohormone] or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|plant hormone] ) � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Biological Clock - living organisms' adaptations to solar and lunar related rhythms. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Biological Orientation � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Chemo- -tropic movement in response to chemicals <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">e.g. the male moth attracted to the pheromones of a female moth � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Circadian - endogenously driven roughly 24-hour cycle in biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Circannual - events that take place over the course of one year and repeat year after year. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cooperative Interactions � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Courtship - series of signals exchanged between male and female, culmintating in mating � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Crepuscular- active primarily during <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|twilight], that is during <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|dawn] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|dusk] � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Critical Day Length - photoperiod above which long-day plants flower andbelow which short-day plants flower � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Diapause - period of arrested development in an arthropod, usually induced by a change in photoperiod and usually broken by a period of cold � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Diurnal - the behavior of animals and plants that are active in the daytime � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Dormancy � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Effectors - structures that responds to stimuli, such as a muscle or gland � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Endogenous - having an internal origin, independent of external stimuli � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Entrainment Etiolation � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Exogenous - driven by external stimuli � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Free Running Period - period in which rhythm is free-running when it is proceeding independently of external changes � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Geo-- the tropic movement in response to gravity <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 21.1pt; text-indent: -21.1pt;">e.g. the roots of the plant growing towards gravity � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Geomagnetic Cues � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Hibernation � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Hierarchy � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Kin Selection � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Homing - the ability of an organism to return home �

� <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Innate: this is the ability an individual has when it is born. This is the opposite of learnd. For example, the ability of breath of human is innate, we know how to breath without learning. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Kin Selection � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Kineses orientation movement of an animal in with the stimulus governs the rate, but not the direction, of movement. So Kinesis is a random movement due to the presence of a stimulus. The rate of activity is determinated by the intensity of the stumulus = not the direction. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Learned: this is the ability an individual do not have when it is born - it is the ability they learned after birth. For example for human the ability of saying different language is learnt. we do not know how to speak - ever our first language - so we learnt how to communicate as we grown up. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Long Day Plant � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Migration : mass movement of members of a species, usually at regular intervals, often over long distances, and in which the "urge" for the movement arises from internal stimuli (though these may themselves be triggered by the external changes) � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Mimicry - adaptive resemblance bewteen unrelated species � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Monogamy - mating system in which eah animal mates with only one partner � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Nastic Responses � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Nocturnal - active at night � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Optic Lobes � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Pair Bonding - prolonged relationship bewteen male and female, associated with joint parental care � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Phase Shift - process involved in entrainment � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Photo- the tropic movement in response to light <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">e.g. sunflower following the sun � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Phytochrome - blue-green protein found in most plants, which plays an essential part in a number of plant processes such as the measurement of photoperiod � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Pigment � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Pineal � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Receptor is the structure that detects the changes in the environment. For example the skin is the receptor for the changing of temperature. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Sexual Dimorphism - existence of differences between the sexes in addition to the sex organs, such as body size, tooth size,colour,etc � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Short Day Plant ﻿- plant that flowers when day length is less than a certain minimum value � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Stimulus is the change in an organism's surroundings to which it can respond. For example, the change of a temperature or the change of humidity. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Submissive � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Sun Compass � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Taxes (singl. Taxis) orientation movement of an anima in which the direction of movement depends on the direction of the stimulus. It is the movement of an organism towards or away from a stimulus. move towards = positive; move away is negative. � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Territory - area that is defended by an animal � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Thigmo- the tropic movement in response to touch <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">e.g. the coiling of the tendrils of the strawberry plant around a stick � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Tropisms - plant movements which occur by growth, and in which the direction of the response depends on the direction of the stimulus <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 17.2pt; text-indent: -17.2pt;"> � Zeitgeber - external environmental cue by which an internal clock is reset

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 3pt;">**Supplementary Vocabulary**
� <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Allelopathy - inhibition of the growth of competing speices of plants by the production of growth-inhibiting substances by a plant � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Amensalism � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cytokinins � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Ethylene/Ethene <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Gibberellins <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Ortho- / Klinokinesis <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Polyandry <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Polygamy - mating system in which each animal mates with more than one partner <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Polygyny <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Polygynandry <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">r/K-Strategies <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Tropotaxes - taxes in which orientation depends on simultaneous comparison of the strengt of a stimulus by receptors located on the two sides of the body <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Klinotaxes ||  ||   ||   ||
 * � <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Abscisic Acid - plant growth substance that acts as a powerful growth inhibitor and plays an important part in maintaining dormancy in seeds and winterbuds, andmay alsobe involved in gravitropism in roots